BACKGROUND
Named after the late US Army General George S. Patton (born November 11, 1885 – December 21, 1945) the Patton series of tank’s included the M60, which was produced as a result of the new Russian T-54/55. The M60 tank series was a widely successful MBT, not only seeing action with the American Armed Services, but was exported and used by over 20 other countries. The M60 was designed and developed by the former Chrysler Defence Division, which was taken over in 1982 by General Dynamics Land Systems, Detroit, Michigan, USA, who produced over 15000 M60's (all models) for the US-Army and export.
The M60
The original M60 model was for all intents and purposes an up-gunned & re-engined M48, as they still used the same turret. In 1948 three M48A2’s (re-designated XM60) were fitted with new air cooled Continental AVDS-1790 diesel engines providing a top road speed of 50km/h and range of 350miles. It was fitted with what was new at the time, the M68 105mm main cannon, which was a licensed built British L7, as used on the successful British Centurion. These three XM60’s passed the US Armies field tests and entered production in March 1959 as the M60. Though there isn’t a great number of physical features to tell the difference between the M60 & M48, the M60’s had a new all cast steel hull. It's front was flat rather than angled like a boat as on the M48’s hull and could store 357 gallons of fuel. The M60 entered service in 1960 with the US Army. This initial model was sent to replace the M47/48 in front line service in West Germany, whilst the M48 went on to serve in the Vietnam War.
The M60A1
The A1 model entered production in 1962 and included a number of serious up-grades. It had a new re-shaped turret offering a better laid out crew compartment, better protection and a more angled shape, with either sides getting narrower towards the main cannon. It include two sets of smoke grenade dischargers (one either side of the turret the control cable ran up the side of the turret, protected by small strips of thin armour plate) and a large spot light placed over the main gun. The M68 was fitted with a stabilization system in 1972 (AKA M60-A1 AOS “Add-On Stabilization”), which was not effective enough to provide firing whilst on the move, but did allow the coaxial MG to be fired whilst on the move.
Another up-grade was the Reliability Improved Selected Equipment (AKA RISE) engine, which was a refined version of the existing Continental AVDS-1790. It was designed to allow better maintenance access & swap out, as well as new T142 longer life tracks with replaceable pads. It was later fitted with a new Passive IR night vision system for the driver, gunner and commander’s sights. These vehicles went on to be called the M60-A1RISE (Passive) within the US. Production of the A1 ended in 1980.
The M60A2
The M60 A1E1 had been a test vehicle for fielding the new 152 mm M162 gun-missile launcher, similar to the one used on the M551 Sheridan, which both could fire the MGM-51 Shillelagh anti-tank missile and the M60A2 was the production model of that test vehicle. The MGM-51 was a MCLOS operated system controlled by the gunner, weighing 60 pounds, it was 45 inches long and about six inches in diameter. The A2 was very short lived, with only 500 built. It was a tank destroyer fielding one of the first laser range finders in service with the US Army.
It’s new low profile futuristic looking turret that earn’t it the nick name Starship, housed the troublesome 152mm main gun that was plagued with the same problems as the cannon on the M551 Sheridan, in that burning residue from each shot was left in the breech which could igniting the next round causing a miss fire. Like the M551, the A2 was modified with the same 'Closed Breech Scavenging System', which produced a burst of high pressured air in to the breech to clear the residue. It was able to carry 13 missiles.
It had entered production in 1973, with production ending in 1975. By 1981, the A2 had been completely withdrawn from service. The turrets were removed and scrapped whilst the hull’s were either converted into specialist vehicles like AVLB’s or Combat Engineer’s Vehicle’s such as the M728 or converted to the newer A3.
The M60A3
The A3 was the most popular model and remains the standard of many exported in foreign service. It focused more on the technological break through of fire control and sighting systems as well as the ability to fire the main cannon whilst on the move, so was simply a modified A1. Firing on the move was achieved with a new a turret stabilization system, as well as a thermal shroud to help prevent gun droop, laser range finder and a hybrid solid-state ballistic computer integrated with an external crosswind sensor.
This model entered production in 1978, but shortly afterwards the AN/VSG-2 thermal sight was introduced and the tank was re-designated M60A3 TTS (Tank Thermal Sight) but were still commonly called the M60A3. It continued to use the RISE engine and T142 longer life tracks with octagonal rubber pads. A new Halon fire extinguisher was also fitted in the turret as were external M239 smoke dischargers. About 1600 of the US Armies M60A3’s were manufactured from scratch, whilst the rest of the 5400 of the US Armies fleet were converted M60’s/A1’s & A2’s.
Firepower
The vehicle fielded the M68 105mm main cannon. It was fitted with a fume extractor and thermal sleeve. It was able to carry 63 rounds of different types including HE and White Phosphorus smoke rounds. It was also equipped with a 7.62mm M73 (or later M219) coaxial machine gun and 12.7mm M85 gun enclosed in the commander’s M19 turret.
The Israeli Magach Series
The M60 series saw its most extensive fighting with the IDF in the Yom Kippur War of 1973 and the 1982 Lebanon War. The IDF & its contractors had carried out extensive modifications/upgrades to their fleet of M60 series, renaming them the Magach. This put them in a good position to offer up-grade packages to other countries using the M60 series. (CLICK HERE FOR MAGACH SERIES PAGE)
The Turkish Sabre Mk3
The most significant package has been the Sabre Mk.3, developed by Israeli Military Industries, who have up-graded 170 of Turkeys M60A3’s, which are expected to be completed by April 2009. Designated the M60T, it has seen an extensive Modular passive armour package added to the turret and hull (additional ERA Can be fitted). The 105mm main cannon has been replaced with a 120mm MG253 (licence built version of the L44, built by Turkish firm MKEK). A new electrical turret drive & cannon stabilization system supplied by Elbit Systems, a new fire control system with new thermal sights and a fire suppression system. It’s also seen the introduction of a 60mm mortar and smoke grenade dischargers.
A new MTU 881 KA-501 turbo diesel engine generating 1000+ HP has been introduced, providing a Power to weight ratio of 16.95 hp/ton, with an operational range of 450+ km and a top road speed of 55+ km/h. Other protection systems include a new NBC system & IR/Radar warning receiver against incoming Anti-Tank Missiles.
Turkey has spent $688 million up-grading these M60A3’s to the M60T, with the first few completed in Israel and the rest by the TLFC 2nd Maintenance Centre Command in Kayseri. The Sabra up-grade has been completed in-line with the purchase of 298 re-conditioned German ex-army Leopard 2A4’s which is equipped with the 120mm L44 main cannon so that both vehicles can fire the same ammunition, as Turkey has made a huge bulk order of 120mm ammunition from German firm Rheinmetall Waffe & Munition, with the number of HEAT rounds ordered alone standing at 10200 with a un-disclosed number of APFSDS rounds.
The 120S AKA "MBT 2000"
In short it’s the replacement of the M60A3 turret with the one used on the M1A1 Abrams MBT on an up-graded M60 hull. This means the operating country is equipped with a 120mm main cannon and a well armoured (composite) turret with a 240X4 Forward Looking Infrared Radar (AKA - FLIR) and is said to be half the price of purchasing an M1A1.
The hull is up-graded with a torsion bar suspension system as used on the M1A1, giving the tank greatly improved cross-country mobility and a stable base for fire on- the-move accuracy similar to the M1A1 tank. The hull can also be fitted with a number of different power packs, however GDLS, the developers of the up-grade package recommend that a AVDS-1790, which can generate 1200hp is used. The up-graded vehicle was developed to show the Turkish Army prior to the acceptance of the Sabre Mk.3 during the biding process at the opening ceremonies at IDEF 2001 in Ankara, Turkey.
Despite loosing out to the Turkish Army, the up-grade has been accepted by the Egyptian Army. They are scheduled to start the up-grades (they will be in kit form and completed by Egypt in the same facilities used to manufacture the Abrams kits) between 2009 to 2012. It’s expected that roughly 1000 of the current 1700 M60A3 fleet will be up-graded. They will also be fitted with a German engine in the 1500hp range.
The Jordanian M60 Phoenix
The Jordanian Army have also introduced an up-grade for their M60A3 fleet called the M60 Phoenix, which was developed by the King Abdullah II Design and Development Bureau (AKA - KADDB). They have been equipped with Raytheon Integrated Fire Control Systems (AKA - IFCS). IFCS includes: HIRE II second-generation thermal imaging gunner's sight, ELITE II eye-safe laser rangefinder and General Dynamics Canada digital ballistic computer.
The MBT’s are also being fitted with Ruag Land Systems L50 (length calibre) 120mm smoothbore Compact Tank Gun. It’s been heavily fitted with ERA (and possibly passive armour modules) increasing the weight to between 62/63 tons, without significant loss of mobility. The Phoenix engine is a General Dynamics diesel, developing 950hp. It has improved acceleration and cross-country performance compared to the M60A3. Raytheon is upgrading 180 of Jordan’s M60A3’s to the M60 Phoenix.
The Austrian M60 ARGE
Late in 1986, an Austrian joint venture of Steyr-Daimler-Puch and NORICUM, was awarded a contract by the Austrian Army to upgrade 118 M60A1 MBTs to the M60A3 (Passive) configuration, to include a new fire-control system incorporating a laser range-finder system produced by the now Raytheon Systems Company and a Honeywell stabilisation system.
The new AVDS-1790-2C engine was supplied to the Austrian Army to the ARGE and purchased from the US Army's Mainz depot. The engine was upgraded to the AVDS-1790-2CA version.
In addition to upgrading the M60A1 to the M60A3 (Passive), the ARGE performed the complete overhaul of these vehicles. The ARGE purchased the conversion kits and spares for the overhaul from the FMS Corporation (now Marvin Land Systems) of Los Angeles, California, at a total cost of US$36 million.
With all of these modifications the upgraded M60A1 is equivalent to the US M60A3. The first M60A3's were handed over to the Austrian Army in mid-1988 and the last ones in November 1989. The Austrian Army already has 50 new M60A3's.
The M728 CEV
Based on the M60A1 the M728 entered service in 1965. The 105mm main gun was replaced with the M135 165mm short-barrelled demolition gun, a licence built version of the 165 mm L9A1 used on the British Centurion AVRE. It fired (and stored 30 rounds) of HEP "High Explosive Plastic" AKA HESH. It was effective up to a distance of 925m and had a coaxial M73 7.62mm (2000 rounds stored) MG with an M85 .50 cal MG mounted on the commanders cupola (600 rounds stored).
It had a front mounted, hydraulically operated dozer blade which could be replaced with an anti-mine plough which could clear a path of 180 inches wide. An "A" shaped boom was attached to the sides of the turret and was equipped with a winch.
291 of the vehicle were manufactured and tasked with the reduction of roadblocks and obstacles, filling craters/anti-armour ditches, limited construction of combat trails, construction of obstacles, and clearing of rubble and debris.
The CEV was issued two per Engineer Company in the Heavy Division, two per Engineer Company in Corps (Mechanized), three per Engineer Company in Armour/Infantry Separate Brigades and three per Engineer Company in the Armoured Cavalry Regiment. It saw service in the Vietnam War in 1965 and was also used in the Gulf War. But as of 2000 the vehicle was withdrawn from US service as it was unable to keep up with the Abrams MBT.
The M60A1 AVLB
Built on a M60A1 hull, the launcher deploys a scissors-type bridge 60ft (18 m) long. Scissors-type bridges have the issue of that whilst unfolding, they vertically extend in to the air, this can be seen by the enemy if against a tree line, giving away the position of the crossing point and creating a high risk target. When retracting back on to the hull, it can be done at either end of the bridge. Deploying the bridge takes 2 to 5 minutes, and retrieval within 10 minutes under armour protection. As of 1996, the USMC had an inventory of 55 bridges and 37 launchers.
Length, extended: 63 feet (19.19 meters)
Length, folded: 32 feet (9.75 meters)
Bridge span: 60 feet (18.28 meters)
Width, overall: 13.1 feet (3.99 meters)
Width, roadway: 12.5 feet (3.81 meters)
Width, treadway: 5.75 feet (1.75 meters)
Height, unfolded: 3.1 feet (0.94 meters)
Weight: 14.65 tons (13.28 metric tons)
The vehicle is operated by the USA (being replaced by the M104 Wolverine), the IDF, Pakistan Army, Singapore Army and Spanish Army.
M60 Panther
Omnitech Robotics International LLC developed the Standardized Teleoperation System AKA STS, a remotely controlled turret less M60 hull, equipped with a forward arm mounting a number of heavy rollers, which trigger the mines with the pressure exerted from the weight of the rollers. The 1st of the 60 vehicles converted to this model were delivered to US forces in Bosnia in early June 1996. The Panther has detonated Nearly 350 mines (varying types) and more than 500 miles of road have been cleared during Operation Joint Endeavour and Joint Guard.
The M60A1 AVLB MICLIC
With the deployable bridge removed, the vehicle is then driven up to a mine field where two Mine Clearing Line AKA MICLICS, are attached and fired from the vehicle across the minefield, detonating the mines and providing a cleared lane for vehicles to cross. When a number of lanes are cleared, they are spaced at least 100 meters apart to reduce enemy artillery effects.
The Gulf War
The M60 series has not only seen extensive action with the IDF, but during the Gulf War the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force fielded 210 M60A1RISE Passive’s equipped with ERA. They suffered the loss of only one vehicle and no crew. The Saudi Arabian Army also used the M60A3 in the conflict.
Operators
The M60 Series has been a very successful export vehicle. It has seen and still in service with Brazil, Egypt, Greece, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Morocco, Oman, Portugal, Saudi-Arabia, Spain, Sudan, Taiwan, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey and Yemen.
The San Diego Tank Rampage
On the 17th of May 1995, a former tank crew man called Shawn Nelson stole an M60A3 TTS from a Army National Guard depot and went on a mass rampage crushing vehicles and property in San Diego California. The incident was beamed around the world as people watched his actions come to an end when he got the tank stuck on a large concrete central reservation. Police officers were finally able to climb on the tanks roof as he tried to get the vehicle of the reservation and with his failure to surrender and the fear of possible injury to the public, police opened fire and killed him in the drivers position.
The TankNutDave Summary
15000 M60’s (all models) were manufactured for service with the US & international sales. The US still has large stockpiles of the M60’s for sale. A good example would be the 299 M60A3‘s purchased from the Fort Hood stockpile at $129,865 per tank by the Egyptian army in 1993. The continuing foreign up-grade programs, bring the M60A3 on par with other modern MBT’s such as the Leopard 2 A4/A5 or M1A1, matching their firepower and mobilty which has extended their service life’s for at least another 15 years.
